Saudi Arabia's agricultural landscape has undergone significant transformations, but traditional farming communities and farmers still exist, albeit in a changing context.
Traditional Farming Communities and Practices
Historically, agriculture in Saudi Arabia was concentrated in specific areas, with production largely consumed locally. Nomadic groups played a crucial role in transporting goods between agricultural regions.
The major constraint on agriculture has always been the lack of water, with rainfall being slight and irregular across most of the country. Traditional farming relied on limited arable land and the near absence of grassland, forcing livestock rearing into a nomadic pattern.
The Bedouin developed skills to find water and forage for their animals. These communities relied on subsistence farming, with cropping dependent on irrigation.
Modernization and Transformation
During the 1970s and 1980s, the Saudi government initiated a major restructuring of agriculture, aiming for food security and improved rural incomes. This involved introducing modern agricultural techniques.
However, this program did not fully achieve its objectives, and the kingdom remained dependent on foreign inputs. The government provided financial support, leading to large-scale agricultural production units, some managed by foreign entities. This program had environmental impacts, including a drain on water resources and the use of chemical fertilizers.
Current Situation
While the government has invested heavily in modernizing agriculture, traditional farming practices persist. The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture is responsible for agricultural policy, and farmers receive government support.
The country focuses on exporting dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. The government is also promoting organic farming, with a plan to increase organic agriculture by 300 percent.
The Saudi government is adopting innovative and sustainable farming practices. The country is exploring urban farming technology, including vertical farming or soilless culture.
Specific Regions and Examples
Several provinces in Saudi Arabia still have active agricultural practices. Riyadh Province has the highest cultivated area of barley. Al-Ahsa Governorate is known for its date production. Tabuk Province has numerous farms, including date palms, olive trees, and fruit orchards. Jazan Province is home to various tropical fruit trees. Qassim Province is known for cultivating fruits. Hail Province is known for barley cultivation. Al-Jawf Province has a significant number of olive trees. Al-Bahah Province cultivates various fruits.
Conclusion
Yes, there are still traditional farming communities and farmers in Saudi Arabia, although the agricultural landscape has been significantly transformed by modernization and government initiatives. Traditional practices continue in certain regions, alongside the development of large-scale, technology-driven farming operations. The government's focus on sustainable agriculture and organic farming suggests a continued recognition of the importance of both traditional and modern agricultural practices.